1 - ROS2 - Démarrage

Installation PC ROS2

ROS est un Middleware Open Source pour développer des applications robotiques. Originellement développé sous Linux (Ubuntu), il est maintenant disponible sur plusieurs systèmes d'exploitation dont Debian et Windows.

Installation des prérequis et liens importants

Pour des raisons de stabilité et légèreté du système, il y a tout à penser que les déploiements de ROS dans des milieux industriels se font (robotique autonome et mobile) et se feront à l'avenir sur Ubuntu et de plus en plus Debian. L'industrie des serveurs a déjà largement adopté Debian pour sa stabilité et sa modularité. C'est pourquoi plutôt que d'apprendre la ligne de commande Windows, nous recommandons d'apprendre la ligne de commande Bash, utilisée dans Ubuntu/Debian. Pour cela, il faut installer un système (noyau) Linux, plusieurs options s'offrent à nous:

Notes importantes pour les installations virtuelles (deux premières options d'installation) :

Ubuntu via Windows SubSystem for Linux (WSL2)

WSL2 installe une machine virtuelle avec le noyau Linux complet, supporté et managé par Microsoft Windows. Il n'y a pas besoin de droits administrateur car le logiciel est disponible dans le store Windows.

Prérequis :

Installation de Ubuntu 22 :

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

Depuis Windows, pour éteindre les Machines Virtuelles Ubuntu et ainsi libérer la mémoire RAM affectée :

Docker dans une VM WSL2

Pour utiliser docker dans une VM WSL2, par exemple Ubuntu :

Ubuntu via VirtualBox

Télécharger et installer VirtualBox pour Windows et l'Extension Pack : https://www.oracle.com/virtualization/technologies/vm/downloads/virtualbox-downloads.html

Ubuntu 24 requiert une version de VirtualBox >7.1 https://www.virtualbox.org/ticket/21955 

La version 7.1.8 règle des soucis de la version 7.1.6 avec l'USB https://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?t=113298 

Déployer la VM avec ROS2 préinstallé (grâce aux instructions suivantes dans cette page)

Exportation de VM au format OVF

Le système du TP est maintenu à jour et testé sur un PC Windows. Pour l'exporter sur les PC de salle TP, on veut avoir une image la plus petite possible.

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Setup pour TP MoveIt2+URSim à l'IUT de Haguenau

La première année j'ai expérimenté avec des PC Windows et VirtualBox :

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En 2025 je change donc de fusil d'épaule et utilise la salle réseau de l'IUT :

Migration VM vers disque physique

Entre 2024 et 2025 je suis passé de TPs en VM VirtualBox vers des PC physiques. Dans les deux cas, je maintiens l'environnement de TP sur VirtualBox de mon PC Windows. Ceci présente l'avantage de pouvoir maintenir des états de machines en fonction du type de TP.

On peut déployer un disque virtuel de VM vers un disque physique :

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Windows 10/11

Une installation native sous Windows 10 avec Visual Studio 2019 (Version Community gratuite) est possible :

Installation de ROS2 Humble

Les distributions stables publiées (pré-compilées) de ROS2 sont nommées par ordre alphabétique. Début 2023, on va installer ROS 2 Humble :

sudo apt update && sudo apt install locales
sudo locale-gen en_US en_US.UTF-8
sudo update-locale LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
sudo apt install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository universe
sudo apt update && sudo apt install curl
sudo curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.key -o /usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg] http://packages.ros.org/ros2/ubuntu $(. /etc/os-release && echo $UBUNTU_CODENAME) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros2.list > /dev/null
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install ros-humble-desktop-full
source /opt/ros/humble/setup.bash
echo 'source /opt/ros/humble/setup.bash' >> ~/.bashrc

Tester l'installation

https://docs.ros.org/en/humble/Installation/Ubuntu-Install-Debians.html#try-some-examples

Installation de Jazzy pour la Navigation et Manipulation

Jazzy est la LTS 2024-2029. Avec UR, Turtlebot3, Nav2, MoveIt2, etc.

## Install ROS
sudo apt update && sudo apt install locales
# Test locale
#locale
sudo locale-gen en_US en_US.UTF-8
sudo update-locale LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
sudo apt install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository universe
sudo apt update && sudo apt install curl
sudo curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.key -o /usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/ros-archive-keyring.gpg] http://packages.ros.org/ros2/ubuntu $(. /etc/os-release && echo $UBUNTU_CODENAME) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros2.list > /dev/null
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install ros-dev-tools
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-desktop-full
echo 'source /opt/ros/jazzy/setup.bash' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
# Test installation (first Terminal)
#ros2 run demo_nodes_cpp talker
# Test installation (second Terminal)
#ros2 run demo_nodes_cpp listener

## Install Nav2 (465Mo)
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-nav2-bringup # depends on ros-jazzy-navigation2
source ~/.bashrc
# Test installation
#ros2 launch nav2_bringup tb3_simulation_launch.py headless:=False

## Install TurtleBot3 Simulation
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-turtlebot3-simulations
echo 'export ROS_DOMAIN_ID=30 #TURTLEBOT3' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'export TURTLEBOT3_MODEL=burger' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc
# Test installation
#ros2 launch turtlebot3_gazebo turtlebot3_world.launch.py

## Install dependencies to build ROS packages from source
sudo apt install python3-argcomplete python3-colcon-common-extensions python3-colcon-mixin libboost-system-dev build-essential
colcon mixin add default https://raw.githubusercontent.com/colcon/colcon-mixin-repository/master/index.yaml
colcon mixin update default

## Install TurtleBot3 from source
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-hls-lfcd-lds-driver ros-jazzy-turtlebot3-msgs ros-jazzy-dynamixel-sdk libudev-dev
mkdir -p ~/turtlebot3_ws/src && cd ~/turtlebot3_ws/src
#git clone -b humble-devel https://github.com/ROBOTIS-GIT/turtlebot3.git
git clone -b jazzy https://github.com/ROBOTIS-GIT/turtlebot3.git
git clone -b ros2-devel https://github.com/ROBOTIS-GIT/ld08_driver.git
cd ~/turtlebot3_ws/src/turtlebot3
rm -rf turtlebot3_cartographer turtlebot3_navigation2
cd ~/turtlebot3_ws/
colcon build --symlink-install
rosdep update && rosdep install --ignore-src --from-paths src -y
vcs --help
vcs status
sudo apt list ros-jazzy-gazebo-ros-pkgs
sudo apt list ros-jazzy-ros-gz
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-ros-gz
colcon build --symlink-install
ros2 launch nav2_bringup tb3_simulation_launch.py slam:=True nav:=True headless:=False use_sim_time:=True
exit
cd ..
cd turtlebot3_ws/
colcon build --symlink-install --parallel-workers 1
cd src/
git clone -b jazzy https://github.com/ROBOTIS-GIT/turtlebot3_simulations.git
#git clone -b humble https://github.com/ROBOTIS-GIT/turtlebot3_simulations.git
cd ..
colcon build --symlink-install --parallel-workers 1
sudo nano .bashrc
sudo nano ~/.bashrc
ros2 launch turtlebot3_gazebo turtlebot3_world.launch.py
sudo apt list ros-jazzy-turtlebot3-*
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-turtlebot3-fake-node
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-gazebo-msgs
cd src/
sudo apt update && rosdep install -r --from-paths . --ignore-src --rosdistro $ROS_DISTRO -y
rosdep update
sudo apt update && rosdep install -r --from-paths . --ignore-src --rosdistro $ROS_DISTRO -y
sudo curl https://packages.osrfoundation.org/gazebo.gpg --output /usr/share/keyrings/pkgs-osrf-archive-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/pkgs-osrf-archive-keyring.gpg] http://packages.osrfoundation.org/gazebo/ubuntu-stable $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/gazebo-stable.list > /dev/null
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gz-harmonic
cd ..
colcon build --symlink-install --parallel-workers 1
source in
source install/setup.bash 
ros2 launch turtlebot3_gazebo turtlebot3_world.launch.py

## Install MoveIt2 Tutorials
mkdir -p ~/ws_moveit/src
cd ~/ws_moveit/src
git clone -b main https://github.com/moveit/moveit2_tutorials
vcs import --recursive < moveit2_tutorials/moveit2_tutorials.repos
sudo apt update && rosdep install -r --from-paths . --ignore-src --rosdistro $ROS_DISTRO -y
cd ..
colcon build --mixin release
source ~/ws_moveit2/install/setup.bash
# Test installation https://github.com/moveit/moveit2_tutorials/blob/humble/doc/examples/move_group_interface/move_group_interface_tutorial.rst
#ros2 launch moveit2_tutorials move_group.launch.py
# Test installation (second Terminal)
#source ~/ws_moveit2/install/setup.bash
#ros2 launch moveit2_tutorials move_group_interface_tutorial.launch.py

# Install UR ROS2 Driver
mkdir -p ur_ws/src
cd ur_ws
git clone -b main https://github.com/UniversalRobots/Universal_Robots_ROS2_Tutorials.git src/ur_tutorials
rosdep update && rosdep install --ignore-src --from-paths src -y
colcon build --symlink-install
source ~/ur_ws/install/setup.bash
# Test installation (first Terminal)
#ros2 launch ur_robot_driver ur_control.launch.py ur_type:=ur5e robot_ip:=yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy use_mock_hardware:=true launch_rviz:=false
# Test installation (second Terminal)
#source ~/ur_ws/install/setup.bash
#ros2 launch ur_moveit_config ur_moveit.launch.py ur_type:=ur5e launch_rviz:=true

# Install UR ROS2 Gazebo
git clone -b ros2 https://github.com/UniversalRobots/Universal_Robots_ROS2_GZ_Simulation.git src/ur_simulation_gz
rosdep update && rosdep install --ignore-src --from-paths src -y
colcon build --symlink-install
source ~/ur_ws/install/setup.bash
# Test installation https://github.com/UniversalRobots/Universal_Robots_ROS2_GZ_Simulation
#ros2 launch ur_simulation_gz ur_sim_moveit.launch.py
# OR
# Test installation (first Terminal)
#ros2 launch ur_simulation_gz ur_sim_control.launch.py
# Test installation (second Terminal)
#source ~/ur_ws/install/setup.bash
#ros2 run ur_robot_driver example_move.py

## Install URSim with docker (only on native Ubuntu PC)
sudo apt install docker-compose
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
sudo service docker start
# Test installation
#docker run hello-world
#sudo service docker status
sudo usermod -aG docker robot
docker pull universalrobots/ursim_e-series
docker run hello-world
docker pull universalrobots/ursim_e-series
ros2 run ur_robot_driver start_ursim.sh -m ur5e
sudo apt install ros-jazzy-ur
sudo apt list python3-rosdep
sudo rosdep init
rosdep update
sudo apt update
sudo apt dist-upgrade
ros2 run ur_robot_driver start_ursim.sh -m ur5e
sudo apt list python3-colcon*
colcon mixin add default https://raw.githubusercontent.com/colcon/colcon-mixin-repository/master/index.yaml
colcon mixin update default
sudo apt list python3-vcstool

Installation d'autres versions de ROS2

Pour avoir accès à toutes les dernières fonctionnalités en cours de développement (partiellement publiées), il faut installer ROS2 Rolling, qui est une distribution en développement continu "rolling release". Par exemple en Avril 2023, l'API Python de MoveIt2 et son tutoriel ne sont disponibles que sous rolling.

On peut installer plusieurs versions de ros en parallèle. Chaque version sera installée dans /opt/ros/version. Pour faire cohabiter les deux versions, il faut "sourcer" le bon répertoire avant de lancer un programme ros2 launch ... ou de compiler un workspace colcon build .... Deux options s'offrent à nous :

Gestion de version avec Ansible

L'idéal serait de gérer l'état des VM/PC de TP avec ansible plutôt que des snapshot VirtualBox

https://github.com/richlamdev/ansible-desktop-ubuntu

Outils utiles

Terminal multi-fenêtres Terminator

Visual Studio Codium

Pour éviter d'alourdir la VM avec de la télémétrie Microsoft, on installe la version sans tracker de Visual Studio Code depuis un dépôt debian :

wget https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/master/pub.gpg 
sudo mv pub.gpg /usr/share/keyrings/vscodium-archive-keyring.asc
echo 'deb [ signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/vscodium-archive-keyring.asc ] https://paulcarroty.gitlab.io/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/debs vscodium main' \
    | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscodium.list
sudo apt update
sudo apt install codium

Installer Firefox dans WSL

https://askubuntu.com/questions/1444962/how-do-i-install-firefox-in-wsl-when-it-requires-snap-but-snap-doesnt-work

sudo snap remove firefox
sudo apt remove firefox
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mozillateam/ppa

# Create a new file, it should be empty as it opens:
sudo gedit /etc/apt/preferences.d/mozillateamppa

# Insert these lines, then save and exit
Package: firefox*
Pin: release o=LP-PPA-mozillateam
Pin-Priority: 501

# after saving, do
sudo apt update
sudo apt install firefox-esr

Alléger Ubuntu (pour VM ou clonage)

sudo rm -rf /var/cache/snapd/

sudo apt autoremove --purge snapd gnome-software-plugin-snap

rm -fr ~/snap

# sudo apt-mark hold snapd

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/nosnap.pref
# To prevent repository packages from triggering the installation of Snap,
# this file forbids snapd from being installed by APT.
# For more information: https://linuxmint-user-guide.readthedocs.io/en/latest/snap.html

Package: snapd
Pin: release a=*
Pin-Priority: -10
EOF

Configuration VirtualBox

Windows consomme à lui seul près de 4-8Go, Ubuntu >2Go et la compilation >4Go, on peut vite atteindre la saturation. Un PC de 16Go peut suffire mais il faudra compiler sans parallélisation, et fermer des applications lourdes dans Windows comme Firefox.

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Astuce en cas de soucis suite à màj VirtualBox : https://forums.virtualbox.org/viewtopic.php?t=12692 

Sources

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Auteur: Gauthier Hentz, sur le wiki de l'innovation de l'IUT de Haguenau

Attribution-NonCommercial-PartageMemeConditions 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

Tutoriels de base

Pour comprendre les concepts de ROS2 par la pratique, il existe des tutoriels pour débutant. Ils reposent sur la simulation d'un robot mobile à deux roues principales développé par les développeurs de ROS en 2010 : Turtlebot. Le TurtleBot 3 est vendue par Robotis et peut être couplé à un bras manipulateur 5 axes OpenMANIPULATOR-X. Il est possible de simuler des applications de manipulation mobile avec Gazebo.

Pour réaliser les tutoriels de base, il nous faut un environnement de développement, deux options :

Supposons que vous avez installé et testé votre environnement comme celui de la VM.

Connexion à la VM

Nous pouvons directement passer aux tutoriels sur les outils ROS 2 en ligne de commande :

Ces premiers tutoriels ne nécessitent qu'une installation basique de ROS 2, on n'y regarde pas le code source.

Ensuite on passe aux tutoriels sur les bibliothèques clientes de ROS 2 en C++ et Python : 

Ces tutoriels vous engagent à copier et analyser du code source en C++ et Python. Les fichiers créés sont placés dans le dossier de travail (workspace) /home/etudiant/ros2_ws/src, à ouvrir avec Visual Studio Code :

image.png

Vous trouverez des fichiers de correction commentés dans ros2_ws/src/cpp_pubsub/src/, en particulier :

Pour les tester il faut lancer :

cd ~/ros2_ws
colcon build --packages-select cpp_pubsub
source install/setup.bash
ros2 run cpp_pubsub talker

Le noeud se met à publier/parler :

[INFO] [minimal_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello World: 0"
[INFO] [minimal_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello World: 1"
[INFO] [minimal_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello World: 2"
[INFO] [minimal_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello World: 3"
[INFO] [minimal_publisher]: Publishing: "Hello World: 4"

Puis dans un second Terminal :

ros2 run cpp_pubsub listener

Le noeud se met à écouter :

[INFO] [minimal_subscriber]: I heard: "Hello World: 10"
[INFO] [minimal_subscriber]: I heard: "Hello World: 11"
[INFO] [minimal_subscriber]: I heard: "Hello World: 12"
[INFO] [minimal_subscriber]: I heard: "Hello World: 13"
[INFO] [minimal_subscriber]: I heard: "Hello World: 14"

Tapez Ctrl+C dans chaque Terminal pour arrêter les noeuds ("stop spinning").

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Auteur: Gauthier Hentz, sur le wiki de l'innovation de l'IUT de Haguenau

 Attribution-NonCommercial-PartageMemeConditions 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) 

Découverte d'Ubuntu Linux et son Terminal Bash

Navigating the Ubuntu GUI

In this exercise, we will familiarize ourselves with the graphical user interface (GUI) of the Ubuntu operating system.

Task 1: Familiarize Yourself with the Ubuntu Desktop

At the log-in screen, click in the password input box, enter rosindustrial for the password, and hit enter. The screen should look like the image below when you log in:

../../_images/ubuntu_desktop.png

There are several things you will notice on the desktop:

../../_images/ubuntu_desktop_details.png

  1. The gear icon on the top right of the screen brings up a menu which allows the user to log out, shut down the computer, access system settings, etc…

  2. The bar on the left side shows running and “favorite” applications, connected thumb drives, etc.

  3. The top icon is used to access all applications and files. We will look at this in more detail later.

  4. The next icons are either applications which are currently running or have been “pinned” (again, more on pinning later)

  5. Any removable drives, like thumb drives, are found after the application icons.

  6. If the launcher bar gets “too full”, clicking and dragging up/down allows you to see the applications that are hidden.

  7. To reorganize the icons on the launcher, click and hold the icon until it “pops out”, then move it to the desired location.


Task 2: Open and Inspect an Application

Click on the filing-cabinet icon in the launcher. A window should show up, and your desktop should look like something below:

../../_images/ubuntu_folder_browser.png

Things to notice:

  1. The close, minimize, and maximize buttons typically found on the right-hand side of the window title bar are found on the left-hand side.

  2. The menu for windows are found on the menu bar at the top of the screen, much in the same way Macs do. The menus, however, only show up when you hover the mouse over the menu bar.

  3. Notice that there are menu highlights of the folder icon. The dots on the left show how many windows of this application are open. Clicking on these icons when the applications are open does one of two things:

  • If there is only one window open, this window gets focus.

  • If more than one are open, clicking a second time causes all of the windows to show up in the foreground, so that you can choose which window to go to (see below):

../../_images/ubuntu_inspect.png


Task 3: Start an Application & Pin it to the Launcher Bar

Click on the launcher button (top left) and type gedit in the search box. The “Text Editor” application (this is actually gedit) should show up (see below):

../../_images/ubuntu_start_application.png

Click on the application. The text editor window should show up on the screen, and the text editor icon should show up on the launcher bar on the left-hand side (see below):

../../_images/ubuntu_application_pin.png

  1. Right-click on the text editor launch icon, and select “Lock to Launcher”.

  2. Close the gedit window. The launcher icon should remain after the window closes.

  3. Click on the gedit launcher icon. You should see a new gedit window appear.

Le Terminal Linux

In this exercise, we will familiarize ourselves with the Linux terminal.

Starting the Terminal

  1. Pour ouvrir le Terminal, recherchez le programme "terminator" ou cliquez sur l'icône:

    63008829.png

  2. Create a second terminal window, either by:

    • Right-clicking on the terminal and selecting the “Open Terminal” or

    • Selecting “Open Terminal” from the “File” menu

  3. Create a second terminal within the same window by pressing “Ctrl+Shift+T” while the terminal window is selected.

  4. Close the 2nd terminal tab, either by:

    • clicking the small ‘x’ in the terminal tab (not the main terminal window)

    • typing exit and hitting enter.

  5. The window will have a single line, which looks like this:

    ros-industrial@ros-i-humble-vm:~$

  6. This is called the prompt, where you enter commands. The prompt, by default, provides three pieces of information:

    1. ros-industrial is the login name of the user you are running as.

    2. ros-i-humble-vm is the host name of the computer.

    3. ~ is the directory in which the terminal is currently in. (More on this later).

  7. Close the terminal window by typing exit or clicking on the red ‘x’ in the window’s titlebar.

Navigating Directories and Listing Files

Prepare your environment

  1. Open your home folder in the file browser.

  2. Double-click on the ex0.3 folder we created in the previous step.

    • We’ll use this to illustrate various file operations in the terminal.

  3. Right click in the main file-browser window and select “Open in Terminal” to create a terminal window at that location.

  4. In the terminal window, type the following command to create some sample files that we can study later:

    • cp -a ~/industrial_training/exercises/0.3/. .

ls Command

  1. Enter ls into the terminal.

    • You should see test.txt, and new listed. (If you don’t see ‘new’, go back and complete the previous exercise).

    • Directories, like new, are colored in blue.

    • The file sample_job is in green; this indicates it has its “execute” bit set, which means it can be executed as a command.

  2. Type ls *.txt. Only the file test.txt will be displayed.

  3. Enter ls -l into the terminal.

    • Adding the -l option shows one entry per line, with additional information about each entry in the directory.

    • The first 10 characters indicate the file type and permissions

    • The first character is d if the entry is a directory.

    • The next 9 characters are the permissions bits for the file

    • The third and fourth fields are the owning user and group, respectively.

    • The second-to-last field is the time the file was last modified.

    • If the file is a symbolic link, the link’s target file is listed after the link’s file name.

  4. Enter ls -a in the terminal.

    • You will now see one additional file, which is hidden.

  5. Enter ls -a -l (or ls -al) in the command.

    • You’ll now see that the file hidden_link.txt points to .hidden_text_file.txt.

pwd and cd Commands

  1. Enter pwd into the terminal.

    • This will show you the full path of the directory you are working in.

  2. Enter cd new into the terminal.

    • The prompt should change to ros-industrial@ros-i-humble-vm:~/ex0.3/new$.

    • Typing pwd will show you now in the directory /home/ros-industrial/ex0.3/new.

  3. Enter cd .. into the terminal. * In the previous exercise, we noted that .. is the parent folder. * The prompt should therefore indicate that the current working directory is /home/ros-industrial/ex0.3.

  4. Enter cd /bin, followed by ls.

    • This folder contains a list of the most basic Linux commands.
      Note that pwd and ls are both in this folder.

  5. Enter cd ~/ex0.3 to return to our working directory.

    • Linux uses the ~ character as a shorthand representation for your home directory.

    • It’s a convenient way to reference files and paths in command-line commands.

    • You’ll be typing it a lot in this class… remember it!

If you want a full list of options available for any of the commands given in this section, type man <command> (where <command> is the command you want information on) in the command line. This will provide you with built-in documentation for the command. Use the arrow and page up/down keys to scroll, and q to exit.

Altering Files

mv Command

  1. Type mv test.txt test2.txt, followed by ls.

    • You will notice that the file has been renamed to test2.txt.
      This step shows how mv can rename files.

  2. Type mv test2.txt new, then ls.

    • The file will no longer be present in the folder.

  3. Type cd new, then ls.

    • You will see test2.txt in the folder.
      These steps show how mv can move files.

  4. Type mv test2.txt ../test.txt, then ls.

    • test2.txt will no longer be there.

  5. Type cd .., then ls.

    • You will notice that test.txt is present again.
      This shows how mv can move and rename files in one step.

cp Command

  1. Type cp test.txt new/test2.txt, then ls new.

    • You will see test2.txt is now in the new folder.

  2. Type cp test.txt "test copy.txt", then ls -l.

    • You will see that test.txt has been copied to test copy.txt.
      Note that the quotation marks are necessary when spaces or other special characters are included in the file name.

rm Command

  1. Type rm "test copy.txt", then ls -l.

    • You will notice that test copy.txt is no longer there.

mkdir Command

  1. Type mkdir new2, then ls.

    • You will see there is a new folder new2.

touch Command

  1. Type touch ~/Templates/"Untitled Document".

    • This will create a new Document named “Untitled Document”

You can use the -i flag with cp, mv, and rm commands to prompt you when a file will be overwritten or removed.

Editing Text (and Other GUI Commands)

  1. Type gedit test.txt.

    • You will notice that a new text editor window will open, and test.txt will be loaded.

    • The terminal will not come back with a prompt until the window is closed.

  2. There are two ways around this limitation. Try both…

  3. Starting the program and immediately returning a prompt:

    1. Type gedit test.txt &.

      • The & character tells the terminal to run this command in “the background”, meaning the prompt will return immediately.

    2. Close the window, then type ls.

      • In addition to showing the files, the terminal will notify you that gedit has finished.

  4. Moving an already running program into the background:

    1. Type gedit test.txt.

      • The window should open, and the terminal should not have a prompt waiting.

    2. In the terminal window, press Ctrl+Z.

      • The terminal will indicate that gedit has stopped, and a prompt will appear.

    3. Try to use the gedit window.

      • Because it is paused, the window will not run.

    4. Type bg in the terminal.

      • The gedit window can now run.

    5. Close the gedit window, and type ls in the terminal window.

      • As before, the terminal window will indicate that gedit is finished.

Running Commands as Root

  1. In a terminal, type ls -a /root.

    • The terminal will indicate that you cannot read the folder /root.

    • Many times you will need to run a command that cannot be done as an ordinary user, and must be done as the “super user”

  2. To run the previous command as root, add sudo to the beginning of the command.

    • In this instance, type sudo ls -a /root instead.

    • The terminal will request your password (in this case, rosindustrial) in order to proceed.

    • Once you enter the password, you should see the contents of the /root directory.

Warning: sudo is a powerful tool which doesn’t provide any sanity checks on what you ask it to do, so be VERY careful in using it

 

https://industrial-training-master.readthedocs.io/en/humble/_source/prerequisites/Navigating-the-Ubuntu-GUI.html

Usage avancé du bash Linux

Job management

Stopping Jobs

  1. Type ./sample_job.

    • The program will start running.

  2. Press Control+C.

    • The program should exit.

  3. Type ./sample_job sigterm.

    • The program will start running.

  4. Press Control+C.

    • This time the program will not die.

Stopping “Out of Control” Jobs

  1. Open a new terminal window.

  2. Type ps ax.

  3. Scroll up until you find python ./sample_job sigterm.

    • This is the job that is running in the first window.

    • The first field in the table is the ID of the process (use man ps to learn more about the other fields).

  4. Type ps ax | grep sample.

    • You will notice that only a few lines are returned.

    • This is useful if you want to find a particular process

    • Note: this is an advanced technique called “piping”, where the output of one program is passed into the input of the next. This is beyond the scope of this class, but is useful to learn if you intend to use the terminal extensively.

  5. Type kill <id>, where <id> is the job number you found with the ps ax.

  6. In the first window, type ./sample_job sigterm sigkill.

    • The program will start running.

  7. In the second window, type ps ax | grep sample to get the id of the process.

  8. Type kill <id>.

    • This time, the process will not die.

  9. Type kill -SIGKILL <id>.

    • This time the process will exit.

Showing Process and Memory usage

  1. In a terminal, type top.

    • A table will be shown, updated once per second, showing all of the processes on the system, as well as the overall CPU and memory usage.

  2. Press the Shift+P key.

    • This will sort processes by CPU utilization.
      This can be used to determine which processes are using too much CPU time.

  3. Press the Shift+M key.

    • This will sort processes by memory utilization
      This can be used to determine which processes are using too much memory.

  4. Press q or Ctrl+C to exit the program.

Déploiement de ROS2

Docker + VSCode

Quelques conseils de Ragesh (https://robotair.io/) que j'ai rencontré au Fraunhofer :

https://github.com/athackst/workstation_setup

https://docs.ros.org/en/iron/How-To-Guides/Setup-ROS-2-with-VSCode-and-Docker-Container.html

https://www.allisonthackston.com/articles/vscode-docker-ros2.html

Ansible

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/deploying-ros2-packages-using-ansible-ragesh-ramachandran/ 

https://blog.robotair.io/best-way-to-ship-your-ros-app-a53927186c35 

https://github.com/swarmBots-ipa/ansible_automation 

https://github.com/ipa-rar/ros2-playbooks 

https://github.com/Laura7089/ros2-ansible 

https://github.com/jeremyfix/ros2_ansible_turtlebot 

https://github.com/rarrais/ansible-role-ros2 

Multipass

https://artivis.github.io/post/2023/multipass_ros_blueprint/ 

YOCTO

https://www.yoctoproject.org/ 

JupyterLab

https://blog.jupyter.org/jupyterlab-ros-3dc9dab7f421 

Discussions

https://discourse.ros.org/t/easy-way-to-distribute-an-instance-of-ubuntu-w-ros-to-students/31824/4 

Singularity, Robolaunch, ROSblox https://discourse.ros.org/t/what-environments-do-you-use-for-training-and-courses/26473/6 

Nav2, container, PWA https://discourse.ros.org/t/mini-workshop-developing-and-teaching-ros-from-a-web-browser-using-dev-containers-and-pwas/31533 https://discourse.ros.org/t/repeatable-reproducible-and-now-accessible-ros-development-via-dev-containers/31398 https://github.com/ros-navigation/docs.nav2.org/blob/master/development_guides/devcontainer_docs/devcontainer_guide.md 

MoveIt2, docker https://fr.slideshare.net/secret/vdPbBCNB3LamRy  https://moveit.picknik.ai/main/doc/how_to_guides/how_to_setup_docker_containers_in_ubuntu.html 

Python https://discourse.ros.org/t/teaching-with-ros-or-zeroros-at-university/32124 

Sources